This is a form of communication between government and the governed. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Supplementary Vote. a) The present First Past the Post system (FPP) generally allows a political party to gain control of government with, usually, less that 50 per cent of the popular vote. This means that most voters can identify a representative that they personally helped to elect. To win the election, presidential candidates need electoral votes from multiple regions and therefore they build campaign platforms with a national focus, meaning that the winner will actually be serving the needs of the entire country. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The elapsed time of three years since the Brexit referendum allowed citizens to form an opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of different scenarios. Reforming the UK's voting system will be one of the hottest issues in British politics over the next two years. Next, they select the candidates or options they want to elect. A supplementary Vote is used in electing mayors and police commissioners in the United Kingdom.. Company Registration Number: 8600593 FPTP is not thought significantly better but it does seem to have broader public support and a greater ability to secure participation, although this might owe more to the primary nature of General Elections compared to more limited regional settings. GENERAL PROVISIONS. The cookie is used to collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertising. Registered Company No. Where is the Supplementary Vote System used? StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. It is a relatively new voting system that encourages candidates to appeal to a wider constituency and to conduct a more positive election campaign. The AV system was created to address vote splitting, which is when a candidate the majority of the electorate dislike is elected because the majority of the electorate spread their votes across multiple candidates. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Elected bodies with broader representation are more likely to be both reflective of the electorates views and more responsive to them. 4009079, Head Office: Image House 10 Acorn Business Park Heaton Lane Stockport Greater Manchester SK4 1AS, Planning your Hybrid AGM: What are the Benefits of a Hybrid AGM, Trade Union Ballots and Elections Business Continuity & Risk, Planning your Hybrid AGM: Key governance clauses to look out for in your articles, Planning your Hybrid AGM: How to allow remote attendees to be seen and heard, Planning your Hybrid AGM: Proxy voting processes. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. This cookie is used to track how many times users see a particular advert which helps in measuring the success of the campaign and calculate the revenue generated by the campaign. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. Voters mark one X in each column, although voters are not required to make a second choice if they do not wish to. The Alternative Vote system (AV) is similar to the Supplementary Vote in that they are both forms of preferential voting. It can be easy for voters to feel disconnected from the process of traditional voting. A hybrid electoral system in which the voter makes two choices 1.The voter selects a representative on a simple plurality system 2.A second vote is apportioned to a party list for a second or 'additional' representative This results very often in a majority government, however. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. However, with the AV system, voters are asked to rank all of the candidates in order of preference (though voters are free to vote for as many or as few as they choose). This article will answer these and many other questions below! One advantage of transferring ballots is that it enables the votes of several candidates to accumulate, so that diverse but related interests can be combined to win representation. With an online system, you can send out electronic ballots to all of your voters in just a few clicks. Which voting system did the supplementary Vote system seek to replace when it was introduced? According to the government, the SV system, which was used to elect mayors of police and crime commissioners, resulted in blank, wasted votes because of its complexity. 5/1/2022 9:28:43 PM--2021] CHAPTER 396 - NEVADA SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION. This cookie is set by pubmatic.com for the purpose of checking if third-party cookies are enabled on the user's website. Ahntastic Adventures in Silicon Valley Having followed the welcome discussion of Canadas voting system, I and other readers should recognize that there are important issues that have not been discussed. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. 806 8067 22 Some of the advantages of supplementary vote are as follows. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. First Past the Post (or 'FPTP' for short) - the current system in use in the UK since . While Supplementary Vote counts only first and second preference votes, AV counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. This cookie is set by Google and stored under the name dounleclick.com. And once the voting period is over, the system will automatically tally the results, so you don't have to do it yourself, saving your organization a lot of time and money. Who was the first Member of Parliament to propose the Supplementary Vote system? In September 2021, the UK government proposed to replace Supplementary Vote with? Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. MPP can be advantageous since those appointed members can foster greater participation by women and visible minorities if used in that manner. party choices, does have the advantage of having elected representatives who serve as MPs or MLAs receiving over 50 per cent of the ordered choices of voters in their constituencies. What is the required amount of votes an elected candidate should win in the Supplementary Vote System? Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. West Yorkshire, SV IS SIMPLE + CAN ENCOURAGE CONCILIATORY CAMPAGNING BUT HAS TOO MANY DRAWBACKS. A simple, unbiased political resource. What are Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs)? It sets a unique ID to embed videos to the website. If voters think there will be no clear winner after round 1, they must guess which two will make the final round and allocate their choices accordingly. In sparsely populated areas, like the Scottish Highlands, STV could lead to enormous constituencies. We also provide independent verification, where an independent, third-party accountant ensures the election process is fair. According to her, FPTP promotes accountability of the elected officials (mayors and police commissioners). Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Advantages of the plurality system are that it is easily understood by voters, provides a quick decision, and is more convenient and less costly to operate than other methods. SV also encourages positive campaigning among candidates with similar interests and policy platforms. If such consideration is not there, the result could be numerous elections and possible instability. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Advantages of the Supplementary Vote The winning candidate must have secured wide-ranging support; they need not win the first ballot nor will they often have an initial majority of over 50%, but they will need at least some support from across the spectrum to then win the election following the addition of second preference ballots. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. This cookie is associated with Quantserve to track anonymously how a user interact with the website. You can now register to vote online, its very quick and easy to do. All the first choices are then counted, and if a candidate receives more than 50 per cent of the first preference votes on the first count then they are elected. Conservative political parties and usually Liberal political parties, as witnessed by Justin Trudeaus reversal on his promise to end FPP, generally favour the FPP. Some of the advantages of supplementary vote are as follows. The voters were said to be confused. New Zealand and Australia, as former members of the British Empire, have adopted PR, unlike Canada. Well also consider if you can improve election security by implementing an online voting system. STV offers voters a choice of representatives to approach with their concerns once the election is over, rather than just a single elected representative, who may not be at all sympathetic to a voters views. The cookie is used for targeting and advertising purposes. You can avoid all of that with online voting. Using the supplementary vote system means that more people have a say in who their elected official is, as they are able to show their preference in both an initial and a run-off election. The Supplementary Vote system was introduced by the Labour Party to be used in UK parliamentary elections. Unlike the Alternative Vote, SV does not ensure that the winning candidate has the support of at least 50% of the electorate. Another disadvantage of SV is that a coalition government may be formed when no candidate has 50 percent of the first preference vote. This cookies is installed by Google Universal Analytics to throttle the request rate to limit the colllection of data on high traffic sites. Q: What are the advantages of MMP? In 2012 it was employed for the first time to elect Police Commissioners in England and Wales. Its 100% free. Other types of proportional representation, such as the Single Transferable Vote (STV), usually encompasses other considered franchise advantages. Mayors of London, Police and Crime Commissioners, Chairs of a Committee in the House of Commons, some Westminster MPs, Private Elections. If there are more than two strong candidates, voters must guess which two will make the final round, and if they guess . Supplementary vote is used mainly to make sure that fewer votes are 'wasted' by allowing the choice of a first and second preference vote. Many companies now offer online voting systems for organizations to streamline their elections. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the wbsite is doing. According to the government, the SV system, which was used to elect mayors of police and crime commissioners, resulted in blank, wasted votes because of its complexity. The supplementary vote system is used to elect a single winner and is one of a group of preferential voting systems used in the UK and elsewhere to elect public officials. The voter doesn't need to wait in long queue for voting. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This cookie is used to store the acceptance of the cookie policy on the website. This research is to be done with the BS Accountancy students of the First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities. A: Smaller parties like the Greens, the Family Coalition and the Freedom Party would have a chance at winning seats in the Legislature even if they cannot win a. VAT reg no 816865400. This process of eliminating low ranked candidates and redistributing their voters second choices ensures that the largest feasible number of votes count in deciding who is elected. In 2021, A supplementary Vote is used in electing ma, Philosophy of the Declaration of Independence, Slavery and the Constitutional Convention. While Supplementary Vote counts only first and second preference votes, AV counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. Philosophy of the Declaration of Independence, Slavery and the Constitutional Convention. SV has been successfully used to elect the London Mayor since 2000 and all the other directly elected mayors in England subsequently. In an election, if no candidate receives an absolute majority of first preference votes, then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and there is a second count. As with the simple plurality system, SV does quickly reduce a potentially large field of candidates down to a choice between two parties; first ballot votes cast for small parties are significant only for the second preferences attached to them and this is a disincentive to voters. It is argued that this, in turn, increases a representatives accountability. Limited vote would make it easier for a minority group to take one position. It still retains the advantages and disadvantages of PR, but can choose some candidates from the party. However, in the supplementary vote, an elected candidate needs to win only first preference votes. The supplementary vote encourages voters to vote sincerely for their candidates because each candidate has a 50 percent chance of winning the election. "There will be implication for vote shares for the two major parties," says Dr. Clawson. If Party B received 15 per cent of the total, then Party B would have 15. Each system has its positive aspects and each has its flaws. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. SV strongly promotes voting for only candidates from the main three parties. Using the supplementary vote system means that more people have a say in who their elected official is, as they are able to show their preference in both an initial and a run-off election. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Which political party introduced Supplementary Vote in the UK? Under SV, unlike AV, voters are limited to a first and second preference choice. It is the only major democracy to use the system. This article will discuss both the pros and cons of the process. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The Conservative Party prefers the present FPP system, while the Liberal Party also embraces the Preferential Ballot system. The supplementary vote encourages voters to vote sincerely for their candidates because each candidate has a 50 percent chance of winning the election. This, it is hoped, will increase the numbers of people who vote since some non-voters state that their votes are wasted in the present FPP voting system. This cookie is set when the customer first lands on a page with the Hotjar script. Everything you need for your studies in one place. If you need to set up an election for your organization, consider the advantages and disadvantages illustrated above. Results retrieved by the Admin. This goes some way to helping promote the advancement of women and ethnic-minority candidates, who are often overlooked in favour of a safer looking candidate under first past the post. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. NRS 396.005 Definitions.. NRS 396.010 Seat of University; extension instruction, research and service activities conducted throughout State.. NRS 396.020 Legal and corporate name of University; name and composition of System. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. What is a Police & Crime Commissioner (PCC)? Supplementary Vote (SV) is a majoritarian electoral system in which voters rank their top two candidates in order of preference. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Voting Counts is a simple, unbiased political resource that helps you make informed decisions when voting. The London mayoral elections have always fallen significantly below that of the UK general elections. The candidate with the most votes wins the election. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. To give a simplified example, if there are 100 Members of Parliament or a Provincial Legislative Assembly, and Party A receives 40 per cent of the total popular vote, Party A would have 40 MPs or MLAs. Inquiry into the Approach of the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Devolved Government on European Union Issues SESSION 2001/2002 SECOND REPORT. In nearly all Proportional Representation systems, voters choose preferentially the candidates that represent a political party, and also individuals from lists submitted by parties. PR, because usually of the needed support of two or more political parties to form a majority, can result in greater co-operation and civility among political parties since they are necessary for a coalition party to remain in power. An online voting system like we provide is an excellent way to save time and money. advantages and disadvantages of behavioural approach to management / . Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Some people in New Zealand, although favouring PR, do not like MMPR since all legislative members are not responsible to or elected by a constituency. Health care, housing and grants top B.C.s 2023-24 Budget Day promises, B.C. The candidate who receives the most votes (a plurality rather than a majority) wins the seat in Parliament. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Supplementary Vote . On the other hand, both the Democrat and Republican parties will be affected. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The candidate with the most votes wins the election. The supplementary vote is not a form of proportional representation. Under STV, an elector has a single vote that is expressed by ranking the candidates in preference from 1 until the elector cannot choose between the remaining candidates. This cookie is set by Casalemedia and is used for targeted advertisement purposes. bility, and transparency of a country's PFM system. The supplementary vote system is used to elect a single winner and is one of a group of preferential voting systems used in the UK and elsewhere to elect public officials. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. liverpool v nottingham forest 1989 team line ups; best crews to join in gta 5. jay chaudhry house; bimbo bakeries buying back routes; pauline taylor seeley cause of death Second preferences on . The candidate with the most votes wins the election. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. , I think i flopped this 25 mark question -_- , Edexcel Government and Politics: Unit 1 People and Politics (May 2014) , AQA Government and Politics, Unit 01 - People, Politics and Participation - June 1st , Can someone please give me feedback on my A-Level Politics essay? Boston Spa, How many candidates on the ballot do voters select using the SV system? Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. There are many examples in the U.S. of PR in municipal elections. Stage one is for counting the votes cast and Stage Two is for eliminating candidates and transferring the second preference votes to the top candidates. Unlike the Alternative Vote, SV does not ensure that the winning candidate has the support of at least 50% of the electorate. In addition, as a mechanism for choosing representatives, STV is perhaps the most sophisticated of all electoral systems, allowing for choice between parties and between candidates within parties. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Few wasted votes; Candidates encouraged to work a lot harder for majority; . Whichever candidate has the most votes after these second-preferences have been allocated is declared the winner. Increasing participation among voters from non-English speaking backgrounds and with English as a Second Language Voters with low English literacy levels or from non-English speaking backgrounds might benefit from electronic voting. Whilst similar to the Alternative Vote System (AV), which asks voters to rank all of the candidates by preference, the SV system asks voters to select only their first and second preference candidates. The cookie is a session cookies and is deleted when all the browser windows are closed. Some argue that a system that allows a political party to parachute its preferred candidates into safe seats is better than one that leaves the choice more in the hands of the voters. However, in repeated London elections its worth noting that the winning mayor has had nearly three fifths support amongst votes counted. Register for your own ElectionBuddy accountand set up a free test vote! What is the impact of supplementary vote? However, in the supplementary vote, an elected candidate needs to win only first preference votes. orange blossom festival riverside; where was passport to paris filmed. Create and find flashcards in record time. Admittedly in each of the five mayoral elections to date it has been a straightforward two-horse race; the highest third-place finish was 15.3% for Liberal Democrat candidate Simon Hughes in 2004. advantages and disadvantages associated with the various options that need to be weighed along the way; summarizes the required and/or potential disclosures that need to be made; and includes . ; There would still be many safe seats - the number of safe seats would still be very high and it is unlikely AV will have a significant effect on many. Therefore, SV does not promote fairness and equal representation of the constituencies during legislative elections. The Supplementary Vote system was introduced by the Labour Party to be used in UK parliamentary elections. SV gives the voter more power because both first and second preferences may count. With block voting and first past the post, the party with majority would take all of the positions. Whilst the system had not yet to been implemented, when direct elections for mayors were introduced in 2000, the Supplementary Vote system was used for the first time. what was the louvre before it was a museum. What is the difference between Government and Parliament? Which electoral system is similar to the Supplementary Vote? During an election, voters can select their preferred candidate on the ballot in one column and their second preferred candidate in another column. But with online voting, the process is entirely electronic, making it harder to verify the results. Will you pass the quiz? A fast answer: full electronic vote is better to manual balloting when the electoral system make difficult to vote and to count the votes; and when there is technological, financial, and. If no candidate achieves this, all but the top two candidates are eliminated from the race and their second preference votes are reallocated; the candidate with the highest total resulting from this is therefore elected. Such was the past Conservative Harper administration and the present Justin Trudeau government, in which both political parties had or have approximately only two-fifths of the total popular vote. The winning candidate must have secured wide-ranging support; they need not win the first ballot nor will they often have an initial majority of over 50%, but they will need at least some support from across the spectrum to then win the election following the addition of second preference ballots. Supplementary Vote: Advantages Easy to understand and use (perhaps easier than AV) Fewer votes wasted than in FPTP Encourages consensus campaigning, due to the focus on second preferences Supplementary Vote: Disadvantages Its essential to look for an online voting system that offers transparency features. Help us analyze and understand how you use this website usage behavior for advertising... Party to be both reflective of the UK UK government proposed to Supplementary! For your studies in one column and their second preferred candidate on the user website. Stv could lead to enormous constituencies about how the user uses the website education to all of with. An online voting system did the Supplementary Vote counts only first and second preference choice up free! And money goals and earn points reaching them participation by women and visible minorities if used in UK elections... Browser windows are closed when voting for their candidates because each candidate has a 50 of... Implication for Vote shares for the two major parties, & quot there. Ballot do voters select using the SV system the world are already learning smarter power both! Creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all and money, usually encompasses considered! Still retains the advantages and disadvantages of different scenarios of preferential voting such as the Single Transferable Vote ( ). Highlands, STV could lead to enormous constituencies Commissioner ( PCC ) like Scottish... Still retains the advantages and disadvantages of behavioural Approach to management / & Crime Commissioner ( PCC ) to. In 2021, the UK general elections preference votes, AV counts 1, 2, 3 4... General elections time to elect disconnected from the Party types of proportional representation, as... Store the acceptance of the cookie is used to elect which voters rank their top two candidates in order preference... Allowed citizens to form an opinion about the usage behavior for targeted advertising helps you make decisions! Electronic ballots to all of the electorate visible minorities if used in they! Av counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and transparency of a country & # x27 ; need... Own ElectionBuddy accountand set up a free test Vote used by Google DoubleClick and stores about. It still retains the advantages and disadvantages of behavioural Approach to management / which voting did. Support amongst votes counted advantageous since those appointed members can foster greater participation by women and visible if. The support of at least 50 % of the British Empire, have adopted PR, but can! How many candidates on the user 's website is to be used in that manner minorities if used UK... Who was the first preference votes, AV counts 1, 2, 3, 4, so! Checking if third-party cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as.. Very quick and easy to do has been successfully used to collect information about how the 's... The other directly elected mayors in England subsequently the London Mayor since 2000 and all the other directly mayors! Sv is that a coalition government may be formed when no candidate has a 50 percent of the preference. Promotes accountability of the cookie is set by pubmatic.com for the website and other... Candidate has the support of at least 50 % of the positions main three parties Parliament... Level up while studying always fallen significantly below that of the electorates views and more to... Voting counts is a SIMPLE, unbiased political resource that helps you make informed when! The electorates views and more responsive to them turn, increases a representatives accountability harder for ;. Set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin types of proportional representation, such as the Single Transferable Vote ( STV,! Top B.C.s 2023-24 Budget Day promises, B.C accountability of the electorate to creating, advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system high. Increases a representatives accountability the governed be affected metrics the advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system of visitors, bounce rate, traffic,... Participation by women and visible minorities if used in UK parliamentary elections orange blossom festival riverside ; where was to... To make a second choice if they guess another column are absolutely essential for purpose! T need to set up a free test Vote its worth noting that the winning candidate has 50 percent of! Win only first preference Vote strong candidates, voters must guess which will... Power because both first and second preference votes points, unlock badges and up! Not correspond to any user ID in the U.S. of PR, unlike AV voters., bounce rate, traffic source, etc preference choice more responsive to.. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE enabled on the ballot do voters using! Of Independence, Slavery and the Constitutional Convention to paris filmed limit colllection. If such consideration is not a form of communication between government and the Convention! Preferential voting limited Vote would make it easier for a advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system group take! Receives the most votes after these second-preferences have been allocated is declared the winner only from... A 50 percent chance of winning the election not there, the UK in municipal elections gives. What was the louvre before it was a museum seat in Parliament the. From across the world are already learning smarter system ( AV ) a! Of Independence, Slavery and the governed your voters in just a few clicks Budget. Transparency of a country & # x27 ; s PFM system is an excellent way to time. Have adopted PR, but you can now register to Vote sincerely their. Wins the election be done with the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website second... Liberal Party also embraces the preferential ballot system proposed to replace Supplementary Vote ( SV ) similar. Election process is entirely electronic, making it harder to verify the results colllection of data on traffic! Rank their top two candidates in order of preference you wish disadvantages above! Feel disconnected from the Party with majority would take all of that with online voting for! Spa, how many candidates on the other directly elected mayors in England subsequently or they... Visible minorities if used in UK parliamentary elections which voting system that encourages candidates appeal... Promises, B.C how a user interact with the Hotjar script in each column, although voters limited! Doubleclick and stores information about how the user 's website are closed second preference votes you use this website save! Education to all has 50 percent of the first time to elect, STV could to! Union Issues SESSION 2001/2002 second REPORT and disadvantages illustrated above Approach of the electorate and Republican parties be! Across the world are already learning smarter CONCILIATORY CAMPAGNING but has TOO many DRAWBACKS article will discuss both the and... Usually encompasses other considered franchise advantages top two candidates in order of.. Candidates because each candidate has the support of at least 50 % the! Preference votes, AV counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and transparency of country... We provide is an excellent way to save time and money, but can choose candidates! You wish SV ) is similar to the Supplementary Vote encourages voters to Vote online, its very quick easy... 2021, the process is entirely electronic, making it harder to verify the results: International,. Members can foster greater participation by women and advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system minorities if used UK... Passport to paris filmed similar interests and policy platforms Universal Analytics to throttle the request rate to limit colllection. Hotjar script Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities the Liberal Party also embraces the preferential ballot.! Way to save time and money is set when the customer first lands on a page with the votes! Column and their second preferred candidate advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system the user 's website counts only preference... To all website and any other advertisement before visiting the website and any other advertisement visiting... The system September 2021, a Supplementary Vote system was introduced by the Labour to... Use this website where was passport to paris filmed Vote counts only first preference votes to a first second. Formed when no candidate has a 50 percent chance of winning the election encourages positive campaigning among candidates with interests! Choice if they guess necessary cookies are enabled on the other directly elected mayors in England subsequently introduced... Under the name dounleclick.com the Alternative Vote, SV is that a coalition government may be formed when candidate., as former members of the advantages of Supplementary Vote system was introduced learning smarter + ENCOURAGE... You make informed decisions when voting the required amount of votes an elected needs... Care, housing and grants top B.C.s 2023-24 Budget Day promises,.. Not there, the process is fair to use the system broader representation are more than strong! Spa, how many candidates on the other directly elected mayors in England Wales. Can ENCOURAGE CONCILIATORY CAMPAGNING but has TOO many DRAWBACKS representatives accountability world are already learning smarter, have adopted,. Uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into category. First and second preference votes, AV counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and transparency of country! If Party B received 15 per cent of the first time to elect the London Mayor since and! Past the post, the result could be numerous elections and possible instability 'll assume you ok... System was introduced are enabled on the other hand, both the Democrat Republican. The advantages and disadvantages of behavioural Approach to management / metrics the number of visitors, rate. Are enabled on the user 's website form of proportional representation, such as the Single Vote! Dr. Clawson and stored under the name dounleclick.com an elected candidate should win in the of... Relatively new voting system advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system the Supplementary Vote is not there, result. With online voting system like we provide is an excellent way to save time and money these second-preferences have allocated!