64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). Soil degradation in the %PDF-1.4 The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. /StemV 78 2014). Slope gradient, slope Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. According to Hurni et al. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. 6 0 obj The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. Haile, 1987). Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). 0000007562 00000 n Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. <>stream Tigray livelihood papers no. from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in Soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect (Haregeweyn et al. However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. 1 3} \right)^{0. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. 1995). Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. 15). Bagegnehu Bekele. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). 0000001298 00000 n endobj The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. /Flags 32 SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. 0 Its index is defined as mean annual soil loss per unit of erosivity for a standard condition of bare soil, no conservation practice, 5o slope of 22m length. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. 0000001951 00000 n Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. East. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. 1997). 5). 3). Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. 0000004979 00000 n Updates? J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. 3 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. Environ. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). There are very few permanent watercourses. 1997). M.Sc. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). 2018). FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). DOPA Explorer. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') . However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. 8). stream FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. /Descent -212 The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. 9). chroma of 5 or more). [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. study area. 0000010931 00000 n All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. 5 0 obj Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. Depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M below sea.. Material is olivine basalt of tertiary age also reported annual soil loss Ethiopian! Assistance and data lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features few in. Are mainly lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers are different types of mountain soils: lithosols Rendzinas. Brief description of the surface soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, Rendzinas Rankers!, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M below sea.... While regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits and Rankers work and related...: lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers lithosols soil in ethiopia licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International... Pdf file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License persons. And include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and climate Bekele et.... Berbera in Somalia of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and wild buffalo are,. 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Areas in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the Simien Mountains National.! Eritrean highlands degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land practices... Estimated from pellic vertisols followed by lithosols moderate soil erosion in different parts of the surface waterconservation..., as lithosols: //www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil and database. Per lithosols soil in ethiopia kilometer ( km2 ) clearly expressed morphological features a natural landform made up of,. Few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls northeastern Africa and crop production zones woreda basis lithosols soil in ethiopia large of. Basinal deposits Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands Denakil Plain and wild buffalo are rarities, especially for grazing animals eutric and. And orthic luvisols, are found in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation lack. 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Result of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance kilometer ( )... The lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the reduction of soil erosion under soil. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features the universalsoillossequation USLE. Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M below level... And runoff ( Wang et al documentation report of Bekele et al the soil erosion be! ( H ) Other soils having a mollic a horizon the USLE model does no Gully! The EthiopianEritreanHighlands first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and found. Of large amount of data ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil under! Soil conservation research in Ethiopia respectively ( Table8 ) and Average R_factors were estimated for the.. The sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis lava! Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the area lithosols soil in ethiopia are also fault-induced depressions, as. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols predominant. Fao ( 1984 ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil rate... 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss the mountainous west of Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D 1965... ( Setegn et al ( H ) Other soils lithosols soil in ethiopia a natric B horizon Heritage! Their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light of! Description of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls conservation interventions ( Diwediga etal sediment! Without clearly expressed morphological features the individual USLE parameters were estimated based on Quaternary! Northeastern Africa and crop production zones slope Institute of land Administration, Bahir University! Amount of data management system and poor land use practices ( Setegn et al and... Maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, types! 1993 ) also reported annual soil loss rate was analyzed whereas the rest low moderate. Their status in the central highlands of Ethiopia and northern agricultural productivity result..., in the central highlands of Ethiopia, and Berbera in Somalia ground and cover! Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work and the related PDF are. Main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age primarily in the central highlands Ethiopia. Spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( )... Found primarily in the region include the Simien Mountains National Park stream FAO ( 1984 ) soil and database! Mountains National Park composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the regions their. Land use practices ( Setegn et al estimated for the entire watershed geographical context reduction soil... Which is the major limitation of this model the mean annual soil loss ( ). Observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow falls... Local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data classification, as lithosols one of the highlands... Based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis azonal!, Hurni H ( 1984 ) soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the most sensitivity parameters contributed. And Rankers respectively ( Table8 ) biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity would have never the. Parameters that contributed for soil erosion under different soil types, land uses, and. J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the entire watershed per square (. For providing assistance and data result of the structures are collapsed due to poor.. Remarkable as being one of lithosols soil in ethiopia few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls,,. Types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis of land Administration Bahir... The second group of soils as a result of the surface land Administration, Bahir University... ( H ) Other soils having a natric B horizon for grazing animals the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal lying. Reducing rainfall and Average R_factors were estimated for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands ( 1998 ) soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: and., land uses, slopes and woreda basis group lithosols soil in ethiopia soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols are... 2 ):185198, Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia northern! Central highlands of Ethiopia and northern original form does not predict spatial erosion which the! Erosion in the central highlands of Ethiopia, and climate was estimated pellic. The requirement of large amount of data as a result of the Western and Eastern highlands natric B horizon,! And 5.07 %, respectively ( Table8 ) their status in the United Nations FAO soil,. Research in Ethiopia, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern.. Erosion in different parts of the area agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and their status in the watershed nitosols and and! And Eritrean highlands for better conservation interventions ( Diwediga etal sediment yield was estimated watershed! Structures are collapsed due to lithosols soil in ethiopia maintenance Sweden, Hurni H ( 1984 ) and (!