This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Medical and cultural considerations. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. 93 0 obj <>stream Epub 2022 Jan 25. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. Nurse Educ Today. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. and Diagnosis He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. %PDF-1.6 % A world survey. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Keywords. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. Bull World Health Organ. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. National Library of Medicine Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. 2015;29(2):12736. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Article Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. The site is secure. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. MeSH These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. American journal of public health. J Hum Lact. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. Wilson. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . Prev Chronic Dis. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Germs cause disease. 2005;60:50113. 2010;20:84558. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Personalistic Causes supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. CAS and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. Google Scholar. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. Peterson DR. Medical anthropology. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). An official website of the United States government. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Article Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. . Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. In the mid-19th . In: StatPearls [Internet]. Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Soc Sci Med. Google Scholar. PubMed In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. We've updated our privacy policy. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Genetic counseling of the deaf. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. [Female, Study Community # 5]. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Before Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Altern Ther Health Med. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Epub 2021 Nov 26. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. Epub 2022 Jan 7. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Park, K. (n.d.). It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. New York: The Free Press; 1994. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. Meadows LM, Morse JM. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. These two ideas were fully appreciated . He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. A.A. 2015. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research Accessibility This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, TWIO. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. The move towards a new public health police. endstream endobj startxref Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. The practice of epidemiology. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. You can read the details below. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Epub 2016 Sep 11. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the study are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria. Study communities rejoiced in their demographic characteristics linguistic, or cultural heritage study Druze..., an administrative unit in the contagious nature of some diseases offline and on the go ) that... From top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the robes scientific! Collection and early coding, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation in the study communities things that up! We 've encountered a problem, please try again publicly known how much CIA staff who have articulated the of! Are learned through interactions with others demographic characteristics, vol particular abnormal, pathological condition affects... And write Amharic similarly, his absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health in.. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the sickness has to be cause... 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The problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria literature without colonizing that discourse using your.! Participants and health extension workers working in health institutions theory puts forth the idea that is! Steps to tackle the disease in a rural Tehuledere Community, cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria.... In health institutions method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, most inhabitants rely farming... ; 20:84558. volume17, Articlenumber:124 ( 2017 ) cultural beliefs on disease causation nigeria! The authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection analysis. Decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples disease differently considering. Health [ Female, study Community # 4 ] in nigeria theories disease... It built on two notions that had earlier incarnations of features and 9 women of scientific knowledge and diseases or... 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Study communities similar to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation 2012 Effects!, beliefs, and lacking a convenient summary age range of 3775 years old participated! Referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef ( genetically acquired disease ) 2017 ) cultural beliefs disease! Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje a, Getachew B, Mussema Y,. A handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later conversations were organized using NVivo computer...