convergence theory is the idea that as rich countries got richer, they developed similar economic, political, and social structures and to some extent common values and beliefs (p. 3). They too, as Michel Foucault does strive to understand society in terms of knowledge power: power structures shape knowledge. Like KPMG is operating its office worldwide with its head office in Switzerland. David E. O'Connor defines it as "the process by which local cultures are transformed or absorbed by a . Globalization not only took place in different industries but there also exists diplomatic globalization. This theory neglects issues of structural inequalities and power hierarchies in social relations. Liberal talk of freedom and democracy make up a legitimating ideology for exploitative global capitalist class relations. Thus, the political realists highlight the issues of power and power struggles and the role of states in generating global relations. to globalization; (2) those studying the concept of globalization itself - theorizing the very nature of the process. Rethinking convergence/culture. In America, USA in the past the Big 3; GM, Ford, and Chrysler; all have invested heavily in Mexico for car manufacturing. In a multicultural society, there is a requirement of common values that do not harass human beings and violate their rights, even if the same is suggested in a particular culture. In the 1500s, the British and Dutch import and export empires followed suit in this regard. The term, a linguistic hybrid of globalization and localization, was popularized by the sociologist Roland Robertson and coined, according to him, by Japanese economists to explain Japanese global marketing strategies. Dilawar Sherzai is the permanent writer of the Daily outlook Afghanistan. Knowledge frameworks cannot be reduced to forces of production, governance or identity. Both sides use Japan as an example. Certain production processes, regulations, technologies and art forms are applicable across the planet. Question 2. Such differences can occur across both space and time. constructivist theory of globalization" as, e.g., there could be a Marxist approach to globalization. In short, in the globally connected world, we might not be as homogenized as we assume to be. Your email address will not be published. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Women have tended to be marginalised, silenced and violated in global communication. By investigating these differences, you can reach a much greater understanding of what factors influence the intervention, and what result you can expect next time the intervention is implemented. Silk and spice trade routes in East Asia, which originated in the first century BCE, brought diverse civilizations and linked various nations economies. For the people who love to measure things instead of just eyeballing them, dont worry, there are still some statistical methods to help you seize the concept of heterogeneity. heterogeneity: [noun] the quality or state of consisting of dissimilar or diverse elements : the quality or state of being heterogeneous. The evidence thus far suggests that the same technological advancesespecially those around communications and transportation, which aid economic globalizationwill also help preserve cultural heterogeneity, within and across countries. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Anarchists challenge the oppressive nature of states and other bureaucratic governance frameworks. Among the main Characteristics of globalization Are to promote the creation of new markets, create the ideal scenario for exchanges in different areas and, in some cases, represent a risk to the sovereignties of nations.. Read More Confessional Approach To Religion 1840 Words | 8 Pages Knott, K., 2009. Convergence theory assumes that all societies will converge towards similar values, beliefs, and practices as they become more modern or more connected to the global economy. For the settlement of disputes and providing guidelines on international matters World trade organization was established, for the governance of global health and disease world health organization (WHO) was established, World Meteorological Organization was established as the specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) for collecting the information and monitoring the trends of the Earths atmosphere and its interaction with lands and ocean and the European Union (EU) was established with the motive of promotion of human rights, trade, humanitarian aid, and development, etc. World-systems theory emphasises the significance of the entire globe as a whole instead of individual nations. Their contests can be overt or latent. The sexual division of labor in modern societies dictates that women are given the primary responsibility for the public sphere. Heterogeneity can be defined as the difference or diversity in kind or arrangement of component elements or constituents. The review process on Helpful Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check, edit, and contribute to articles. New York: Archway Publishing. It has spurred globalisation in four ways: market expansion, accounting practices, asset mobility and enlarged arenas of commodification. More recently, it has another, broader meaning in the aging field in terms of the tremendous differences in cultural and ethnic backgrounds among the nation's older adults. The convergence process could lead to a unified global society with greater uniformity among its members, thus providing a helpful lens for studying topics such as socioeconomic development, modernization, and globalization. Modern rationalism is a general configuration of knowledge. Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & others, This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. Each one of them carries several variations. However, Biyane Michael criticises them. Convergence theory tends to oversimplify the complex social, economic, and political processes that shape social change. Globalization Debates: Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous. Social geography is a mental experience as well as a physical fact. Do primary healthcare workers using decisionsupport tools via mobile devices give better quality care? As the concept of ethnocentrism says that itis judging another culture solely by the values and standards of ones own culture,the ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern tolanguage, behavior, customs, andreligion. Ultimately, divergence and convergence theories explain how societies change over time. It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. However, she also loves to explore different topics such as psychology, philosophy, and more. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Some of the scholars stand for a balance of power, where any attempt by one state to achieve world dominance is countered by collective resistance from other states. This occurs not because they are at a lower stage of development, but because they have been absorbed into the global system as an underdeveloped country. The influence of Jan Tinbergen on Dutch economic policy. Increases Exposures to Risks from Localized Crises. Convergence theory seeks to explain how societies become more alike, while divergence theory accounts for the ways in which they grow increasingly distinct. Convergence theory provides a helpful lens for studying sociological topics such as socioeconomic development, modernization, and globalization. Globalization is another major factor that influences cultural imperialism. Countries in Western West Europe and the United States of America are examples of core countries. There are lots more that look at: culture, or social networking, economy, politics, or even goods. To most of us, globalizationas a political, economic, social, and technological forceappears all but unstoppable. It is concerned with tracking the paths taken by the various cultural flows that crisscross the globe, as well as with exploring the experiences of people as more of their everyday lives become contingent on globally extensive social relations. A community building approach can enable the Millennium Development Goals to be achieved without creating a simply homogenous global culture. The truths revealed by objective method are valid for anyone, anywhere, and anytime on earth. This mode of production involves perpetual and pervasive contests over the distribution of surplus. If the same inclination towards cultural relativism is maintained it would be very difficult for todays world to form common values, laws or systems, which are very necessary to avoid clashes among the cultures and civilizations. Critical theory describes the mediations between different phenomena, In the beginning of the late 20 th century, nation-states began opening their borders in efforts to be more globally competitive in international markets. There is no need of getting sick of that. Multinationals and later, global companies began to grow and multiply in record numbers. Thank you so much. Their cultural adapting quality can be apparently seen from their decision of launching only vegetarian burgers at outlets opened in some religious places of India. It holds that phenomena can be understood in terms of single incontrovertible truths that are discoverable by rigorous application of objective research methods. They concentrate on the activities of Great Britain, China, France, Japan, the USA and some other large states. It is important to note that there are different types of heterogeneity: We are interested in these differences because they can indicate that our intervention may not be working in the same way every time its used. Often they do not care for the entrenched power hierarchies between states, classes, cultures, sexes, races and resources. There are numerous interpretations and perspectives surrounding this process and through these, there are always an increasing number of benefits and/or drawbacks that are realised. Overall, convergence theory is a helpful tool for understanding the effects that increased global interconnectedness can have on societies and cultures worldwide. It is cultural in that the customs, traditions, religion, language, social and moral norms, and other aspects of the imposing community are distinct from, though often closely related . However, Scholte is aware of insecurity, inequality and marginalisation caused by the present process of globalisation. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". heterogeneity definition: 1. the fact of consisting of parts or things that are very different from each other: 2. the fact. Your email address will not be published. At some levels, globalisation is considered as antithetical to territorial states. Financial globalization. Example 1 - Cultural Globalization Cultures are also being spread without confining to political boundaries. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In other words, globalization and increased economic integration are believed to lead to a more homogenous world where different nations and societies become increasingly similar regarding their economic, political, and cultural practices. The Anthropology of Globalization provides an ethnographic introduction to the world of flows and interconnections. The following are common examples of globalization. National, class, religious and other identities respond in part to material conditions but they also depend on inter-subjective construction and communication of shared self-understanding. Exports of automotive products have grown tremendously because of globalization as co-operation among countries provides better economies of scale. It has turned into a structural power, and is accepted as a natural circumstance, with no alternative mode of production. This idea presumes that all societies will progress towards the same goal, regardless of any distinctions in economic standings or governmental systems. CNN, the global news network, can spread and telecasting its news globally using the technology. We believe that the effects of globalization on the MDGs is creating a more homogeneous global economy and culture. Anyone may now pick through the marketplace of global culture. So, as countries become increasingly linked and globalized, they will tend to imitate each others governmental systems (such as democracy rather than communism), economic models (capitalism, socialism, or a blend of both), and collective values. The same stands correct for groups and institutions as well, and may even be applied to religions and cultures. References Globalization. The Hyperglobalists purportedly argue that contemporary globalisation defines a new era in which people everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace. Each show different types of examples of globalization. Globalization . For both dependency theorists and world systems theorists, wealth disparity is caused by the global capitalist system as a whole, and the answer for all structuralist thinkers is some kind of communism. This shows that due to globalization, the production of even a single product might use the work from many countries to complete the work efficiently and cost-effectively. Developing countries are adopting and committing to the ideas of the modern world's economy and culture. They are culture blind and tend to overlook historically situated life-worlds and knowledge structures which have promoted their emergence. Possibly, globalization plays a primary role in removing the social, cultural, economic, and political distances across the nations and makes global mobility and travel across the world easy. 2022 - EDUCBA. Here we have discussed the Globalization Example. Modernisation theorys core argument is that with economic growth and development, any country can become advanced, industrialised and follow the footsteps of Western democratic countries in their goals. Accordingly, capitalists attempt to amass ever-greater resources in excess of their survival needs: accumulation of surplus. Ideas and practices spread from locations where they would be well-known to regions where they are new and rarely noticed. As seen in a previous blog from Davide, modern neuroscience often interfaces with other medical specialities. This often becomes a reason for misunderstandings, sometimes aggression in the interaction of representatives of opposing worldviews, preferences or traditions. So, some examples of globalization are given below. There is a large proportion of impoverished and illiterate individuals, as well as a small elite class that controls the majority of the economy. Held and McGrews analytical framework is constructed by developing a three part typology of theories of globalisation consisting of hyper-globalist, sceptic, and transformationalist categories. It can extend beyond state and sub-state institutions including supra-state regimes as well. 1) Homogenization Theory. The globalization process that has been expected to bring people together has not been able to maintain a harmonious multi-cultural world. Viktoriya Sus is an academic writer specializing mainly in economics and business from Ukraine. Jan Art Scholte synthesises them as forces of production, governance, identity, and knowledge. They are, more often than not, in an undesirable economic situation, which implies they have little potential to progress or develop. For example, McDonald's offers vastly different menu items in different countries. And no one can ever give you the right to kill others just because they belong to a different religion, ideology or sect as long as they do not mean to harm you. How Does It Work? Ecological globalization. Many forms of supra-territorial solidarities are appearing through globalisation. But its supporters neglect the social forces that lie behind the creation of technological and institutional underpinnings. This is the reality of dependent and uneven development, which enriches global corporations and their local partners while impoverishing the poorest people. An example here would be the globalising process of McDonald's or the modernistic epithet of McDonaldization. (2) Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Cultural traditions and ideas are also passed amongst different groups from group to group, which we know as a process termed diffusion. All this has led to technical standardisation, administrative harmonisation, translation arrangement between languages, laws of contract, and guarantees of property rights. Ease of getting personal needs and needs. Core nations and transnational firms have a significant impact on these countries. The opposite of heterogeneity is homogeneity meaning that all studies show the same effect. False. And the same variety, many believe, is the beauty of it. This is an insightful piece. This would be a win-win situation for the company and the employee as he struggled to get the job. Convergence theory predicts that cultures worldwide will gradually grow increasingly similar due to globalization. The internet is the major contributor to globalization, and that too is not confined to technology but to other areas as well as it helps in the cultural exchange of arts easily. There are some kind of governance mechanisms. It has a built-in apolitical tendency. Another debate is whether globalization is creating a more homogeneous or heterogeneous world. Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, and tourism were formerly used to facilitate the exchange of ideas, but technology has dramatically accelerated the rate of diffusion. So, while some countries embrace same-sex marriage as an accepted form of union, other nations condemn it entirely. b) Was equally experienced across the world and amongst different social groups. Certain knowledge structures support certain power hierarchies. In the area of knowledge, the way that the people know their world has significant implications for the concrete circumstances of that world. Its a descriptive term for when material moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity of a substance, process or image.A homogeneous feature is uniform in composition or character (i.e. Globalization is the process of integrating the countrys economy with the world economy. Whether the results are on either side of the line of no effect may not affect your assessment of whether heterogeneity is present, but it may influence your assessment of whether the heterogeneity matters. 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