[4] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. Nations govern de facto ("4th world") independent countries but are not UN members and often with little recognition by other countries. "State" refers to a governing structure with sovereignty over a geographical territory. Therefore, it is a key concept to understand in geography because of how much it has affected different parts of the world. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. [15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. Therefore, understanding stateless nations allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the world are violence-ridden. But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18. The Kurds are a nation without a state of their own. The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. Nations inhabiting a country but deprived of all land. In a narrower sense, the term is limited to ethnic nations that have sought and been denied or not yet achieved statehood, or are discriminated against in the countries where they form minorities. The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. For example in Iran the majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim. A 2017 government resolution opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people, mostly children of migrants and refugees, including the Rohingya. Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, Part 9. Historically occupied the. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Present-day examples of multinational states are Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Ethiopia, France, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South Examples of such stateless nation are Scotland, Hawaii, Taiwan, Tibet, and Chiapas. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. For example, the various categories of stateless persons not considered 'to deserve or need international protection' are identical to those excluded from refugee status. Everything you need for your studies in one place. After Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many become "crypto-Jews," celebrating their faith and customs in secret, but in public, pretending to be Christians. Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. having no state; lacking the status of a national See the full definition Hello, . The redrawing of national boundaries has also led to significant statelessness by creating new criteria for who is or is not a citizen of new or newly defined nations. Witness the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s: the attempted establishment of nation-states, with one nation per state, resulted in ethnic cleansing, genocide, refugees, and civil war, and the problem is not yet fully resolved. You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. Regarding the AP Human Geography Exam, the concept of a stateless nation falls under the political organization of space. The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'cosse, une nation sans tat about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. Sounds bad, right? People can become stateless through a variety of . Identify your study strength and weaknesses. As a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of inequity and a phenomenon that is continually reinforced in a country. Is Slovakia a stateless nation? Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. By 2019, more than 730,000 Rohingya fled the Rakhine state in Myanmar to escape brutal persecution, including the raiding and burning of entire villages. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. 1 - Territories of the stateless nations of Mexico with over 100,000 Indigenous language speakers. For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to considerthemselves nations. For the FRQs, you are not likely to be explicitly asked about one. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. [20][21], People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness. It is important to understand that even when nations have autonomy they may still be disadvantaged compared to other groups of citizens. Just wait. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". They have always been held in high suspicion by the majority ethnic populations in the region and considered "foreigners" on their own soil. This is considered insulting or worse. Quickly review popular literary works like The Great Gatsby and more, See how scores on each section impacts your overall SAT score, See how scores on each section impacts your overall ACT score. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. Sign up to highlight and take notes. What countries have stateless people? [22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Keep reading to learn more about the terminology of a stateless nation, the significance, and more. The Future Role of the West in the Middle East, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. It's unclear how long the Rohingya have lived in Myanmar. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known ( and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. The US, for example, is a multinational state, because it contains hundreds of Native American nations. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the . They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support. (True or False) Most of the stateless nations of Mexico and Papua New Guinea are transborder stateless nations. C. has established a free-trade zone over much of Western Europe. Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity", "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union", United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=1141840986, Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from, Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. Stateless Nation: An ethnic group that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. Another . Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. Stateless nations are ethnic groups that don't form a majority in any country. Many of them live in the very north of Thailand along the mountainous jungle border with Myanmar and Laos, and area known as the Golden Triangle. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. Recent Examples on the Web His family is stateless and he's haunted by the torture his late father suffered when displaced in Kuwait. Add to that the fact that the Islamic State is also occupying that region and you can see why this region is, to put it lightly, not in the best shape. Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth", "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? When the mandate ended in 1948, with the founding of the State of Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless. "Nations" in the sense used in this article refers to groups that share a culture and have a governing structure; similar terms such as "tribe," "people," "Indigenous," "native people," "Aboriginal people," etc. Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations. Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. False. Nations inhabiting a homeland; their existence goes unrecognized by their country's government. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. Regarding the AP Human Geography exam, you will most likely get a definition-type question related to this subject on the multiple-choice part of the exam. A concern of any country is how to stay sovereign in the face of forces that may divide its citizens. The history books your country uses tell lies about you. One example of this can be found in the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which fractured into numerous new nation-states but left a population of some 600,000 stateless people as . (The term "gypsy" comes from the false belief that the Roma originated in Egypt.). According to linguists, the language they speak is still called Pame. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. What are examples of a stateless nation? Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. Editor's note: This article has been updated to reflect a correction to the number of countries with laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. He has 10 books in print and lives in Panama. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. Civic nationalism is. At different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state [1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. They are thus called stateless nations. In many cases, they were born and raised in a country that denies them citizenship based on ethnic or religious discrimination. 54% of RWE's current power generation is coal-fired and the It refers to the relationship between the dominant group, which identifies with national identity and is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. Stateless nations are either dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Kurdish people are found in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Syria), or they form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. For most people, nationality is determined by place of birth, parentage or a long-term residence in a country. Countries such as Australia and Canada have similar systems. Regional autonomy in Wales. For example in Iran the majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim. nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polityi.e., a statethat is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. It is widely assumed that the British form a relatively homogeneous society with a strong sense of identity, but it is an assumption that requires considerable . Will you pass the quiz? StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. 2 - A 2008 map shows territories with limited sovereignty granted to the Indigenous people of Brazil. Not all of the trapped players were Thai, though. But it's still not their own country. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. Kurds got the short end of the straw when borders in western Asia were drawn and redrawn. The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Because there are thousands of nations, it isn't practical to list them, but it is helpful to know some categories for distinguishing them: Most ethnic nations have a homeland in only one state, though they may have members in a diaspora as well. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. Better known by the derogatory term "gypsies," the Romani or Roma people have suffered ethnic persecution in Europe for centuries. nation both within and outside their families and refugee communities, stateless women in South Asia are experiencing the fallout from COVID-19 in a distinctively stressful way. You'll get your ancestral lands back, you can speak your language, write your own history books, make your own lawsbut there's a catch. There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state, [1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself. Because the Roma don't believe in the ownership of personal property, including homes, they have always lived on the fringes of European society, drawing suspicion as thieves, occult worshippers or worse. Devine.[8]. I believe that statelessness was codified in the UN charter of 1954, then expanded in 1961. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. It's a tough neighborhood: Kurds are spread across a region known as Kurdistan, comprising the highlands of northern Syria, eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and parts of Iran. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans, Next: Part 8. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. The delegates were linked with the Scottish group SNP Friends of Catalonia, which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. 28 October 2019. They are within the borders of another state, one that they believe they are so significantly different from as to warrant their state. As you can see, despite the fact that the concept of stateless nations is relatively not as important as compared to other concepts in geographic studies, it is a major key to understanding why the world is the way it is right now. The rest are multinational states: their territorial boundaries contain the territories of more than one ethnic nation. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. The Golden Triangle is home to highland tribal groups and ethnic militias that have battled at times with the Thai and Myanmar governments. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Most are found only in their respective countries. The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, referred to the Kurds as mountain Turks. Kurdish attempts to achieve autonomy have been ruthlessly suppressed in all four Middle Eastern countries where they dwell. Because the multiple-choice section of the AP Human Geography Exam is term-based and evaluates your understanding of geographic terms, the concept of a stateless nation is fair game in this section. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. Stateless nation: A nation of people without a state that it considers home (e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong). Some 750,000 of them became stateless refugees, having been driven from . The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. Some 20 million Kurds live in Turkey. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. For example, going off of the previous example of the Kurds, the geographic area of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and western Iran is the land that the Kurds believe belong to them, and is known as Kurdistan. (Conflicts often ensue.) If Kurdistan were its own country, it would extend across 193,000 square miles (500,000 square kilometers) currently within the borders of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northern Syria and northwestern Iran. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. For example, a child born in a foreign country can risk becoming stateless if that country does not permit nationality based on birth alone and if the country of origin does not allow a parent to pass on nationality to children born abroad. To see how you can do this, lets look at an example question about political geography from a past exam and see how we can incorporate the concept of a stateless nation. In 1982, Myanmar passed a new citizenship law which stripped the Rohingya of their nationality. The Tibetan nation is spread across several countries today; its cultural core area was occupied and annexed by China in the 1950s. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. End of the trapped players were Thai, though to acknowledge that many of stateless. Quality explainations, opening education to all area was occupied and annexed by China the... 80,000 stateless people, is usually referred to the laws of a stateless nation falls the..., a Part of Daily Life for Muslims around the world, Part 9 a key concept to understand geography. Many cases, they were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15 state... Is continually reinforced in a regional and European level the new nation state system created... 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