Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. Yet discreet inquiries soon revealed that many hundreds of chapatis were passing through his district, and through other parts of India as welleverywhere from the Narmada river in the south to the border with Nepal several hundred miles to the north. What are the oldest known civilizations of India? Q. It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste. Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, One food and one faith. . Seven Years' War: Major General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, 20 Facts About the Life of Mahatma Gandhi, independence movement against British rule. What was the main cause of revolt of 1857? Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. The rapid spread of disorder in 1857when regiment after regiment had mutinied, and revolts against British rule had sprung up throughout most of northern and central Indiamade it almost impossible to believe that the rebellion could have been spontaneous (as most modern historians concede it was), and considerable effort was made to chronicle the movement and trace the spread of the anomalous chapatis. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief. This made them more accurate and gave them a longer range. Politically, many princes of India had retired into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The Muslims had lost the large state of Avadh; the Marathas had lost Nagpur, Satara, and Jhansi. The grotesque executions by cannon became even became widely known in America. The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. When Muslim and Hindu troops learned that the tip of the Enfield cartridge had to be bitten off to prepare it for firing, a number of troops refused, for religious reasons, to accept the ammunition. This is what led to the revolt of 1857 in many localized areas. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Advertising Notice Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. (2021, July 31). Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 2004). An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog A Blast From the Past. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. To "the cow reverencing Hindu and the pig paranoid Muslims" having to bite this was repellent, defiling and deadly to their religious prospects. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. The military cause was both particular and general. And the uprising became extremely violent. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (London: Penguin, 1978);House of Commons. The Revolt of 1857 in India eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Some currents simply ran cold, while others moved in parallel, or paused before continuing. A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- rebellion and post- rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians). Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. One common punishment was to tie mutineers to the mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim. Under a British policy called the "doctrine of lapse," the East India Company would take control of Indian states in which a local ruler had died without an heir. The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. The particular reason, the greased cartridges for the Enfield rifles, was a mistake rectified as soon as it was discovered; but the fact that explanations and reissues could not quell the soldiers suspicions suggests that the troops were already disturbed by other causes. Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. It is called the chupatty movement. . "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. A. With this information, the sepoys believed that the British deliberately introduced the greased cartridges for defiling their religions. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. India from the Paleolithic Period to the decline of the Indus civilization, The earliest agriculturalists and pastoralists, Neolithic agriculture in the Indus valley and Baluchistan, Extent and chronology of Early Harappan culture, Language and scripts, weights and measures, The Post-Urban Period in northwestern India, The late 2nd millennium and the reemergence of urbanism, Peninsular India in the aftermath of the Indus civilization (c. 20001000, The development of Indian civilization from c. 1500, Traditional approaches to Indian historiography, The beginning of the historical period, c. 500150, North India under Muslim hegemony, c. 12001526, Taxation and distribution of revenue resources, The Muslim states of southern India, c. 13501680, Extension and consolidation of the empire, Central, provincial, and local government, Organization of the nobility and the army, The emperor, the nobility, and the provinces, The Afghan-Maratha struggle for northern India, Political and economic decentralization during the Mughal decline, The Afghan factor in northern India, 174772, Cultural aspects of the late precolonial order, India and European expansion, c. 15001858, The extension of British power, 17601856, Indian nationalism and the British response, 18851920, The transfer of power and the birth of two countries, The Janata interlude and the return of Indira Gandhi, From Rajiv to Rao: India from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, V.P. The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. The system was subject to abuse, and the company used it to annex territories in a questionable manner. Its cartridges consisted of a .577 inch ball projectile and a charge of gun powder propellant wrapped in waterproofed cartridge paper. India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. Setting out from Allahabad, Sir Henry Havelock fought through Kanpur to the Lucknow residency on September 25, where he was besieged in turn. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. Stbere im grten eBookstore der Welt und lies noch heute im Web, auf deinem Tablet, Telefon oder E-Reader. Down-country operations centred on the relief of Lucknow. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. Increasing numbers of Christian missionaries began arriving in India, and their presence gave credence to rumors of impending conversions. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. The rebels were . History of the Siege of Delhi (Edinburgh: A&C Black, 1861);John Kaye. Mike Dash By a campaign in Avadh and Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside. In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. He is on the expert panel on weapons for several museums of Rajasthan. Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. : WH Allen, 1864);Tapti Roy. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. And the leaders were not united, because they sought to revive former Hindu and Muslim regimes, which in their heyday had bitterly clashed. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". And yet its just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences. A cartridge of this kind, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed cartridge. The immediate cause of the Indian Revolt of 1857, or Sepoy Mutiny, was a seemingly minor change in the weapons used by the British East India Company's troops. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. The chupatty movement first came to British attention early in February 1857. Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. The sepoys were generally under the command of British officers. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. A private company which first entered India to trade in the 1600s, the East India Company had eventually transformed into a diplomatic and military operation. The revolt failed in overthrowing British Rule. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). Cookie Settings. The British, who had nothing to do with the mysterious transmission, guessed the breads were a piece of mischief-making on the part of the Indians, though opinion was divided as to whether the breads came from the east, near Calcutta (Kolkata), from the north, in the province of Oude (Avadh) or from Indore, in the center of the country. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them. Many sepoys believed that the victory was the destruction of cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims and tallow (cow fat) which angered the Hindus as cows were equal to a goddess to them. Any British plans to reform Indian society, which had been one of the underlying causes of the revolt, were essentially set aside, and religious conversion of the Indian population was no longer viewed as a practical goal. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.[25]. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. Cookie Policy Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. The Siege of Delhi. All Indian villages had one, and it was these men, running between their homes and the nearest neighboring settlement with chapatis, who so effectively raised panic among the ruling British. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. In a large military camp (called a cantonment) at Meerut, near Delhi, a number of sepoys refused to use the new rifle cartridges in early May 1857 and began to revolt. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Companys armies, there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease. Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes were not clearing properly, or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail. Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers. A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. The powder and bullet for the new rifle were put together in a paper cartridge. In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. The enraged soldiers mutinied across a number of Indian States, taking Delhi . A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles . Proceedings of the Trial of Badahur Shah. In Accounts and Papers, East Indies, Session 3 February-19 April 1859, Parliamentary Papers XVIII of 1859;William Wotherspoon Ireland. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village. An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order. The dramatic capture of Delhi turned mutiny into full-scale revolt. Thornhill came into his office one morning to find four dirty little cakes of the coarsest flour, about the size and thickness of a biscuit lying on his desk. It is also known by other names: the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. The . Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. Ans: In Jan 1857 British introduced a new cartridge of En-field rifle greased with pig and cow fats, soldiers had to chew it before use. [2][3], Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the English East India Company(also called British East India Company), especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. All the people in the palace wondered what it could mean. The revolt of 1857 was one of the greatest & most significant developments in the history of the 19th century. Mutiny Memoirs of an Old Officer (London: Folio Society, 1984);Troy Downs. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? A keen cricketer and tennis player, he now lives in Delhi and serves as director of a few companies. These are deep waters that we trawl in, and dangerous ones, too. The ratio of British to Indian troops was fixed at roughly 1:2 instead of 1:5one British and two Indian battalions were formed into brigades so that no sizable station should be without British troops. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. And where had the chowkidar got them? Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the mofussil was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the Pindaris. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. | READ MORE. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. McNamara, Robert. Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. Time such issues arose agree to abide by our usage policies the fat of cows and pigs was! 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